In this episode, our guest, Dr. Andrew Armstrong of Duke University, discusses recent advances that men should know to overcome prostate cancer. We ask about former President Joe Biden’s diagnosis. What does it mean to have Stage IV prostate cancer and a Gleason score of 9?
News outlets have reported that Mr. Biden’s previous prostate screening test was in 2014. How often should men be tested for this common cancer? What does the PSA (prostate specific antigen) test really tell us?
How You Can Listen:
You could listen through your local public radio station or get the live stream on Saturday, Aug. 2, 2025, at 7 am EDT on your computer or smart phone (wunc.org). Here is a link so you can find which stations carry our broadcast. If you can’t listen to the broadcast, you may wish to hear the podcast later. You can subscribe through your favorite podcast provider, download the mp3 using the link at the bottom of the page, or listen to the stream on this post starting on Aug. 4, 2025.
How Do We Detect Prostate Cancer?
Prostate cancer affects one man out of every eight in the course of a lifetime. Fortunately, if it is caught early and treated appropriately, most men do not die of this disease. They die of something else, even if they may still have prostate cancer cells.
For years, the mainstay of prostate cancer screening has been the level of PSA, prostate specific antigen. Although it is specific to prostate, it is not really specific to prostate cancer. All prostate cells make it, so doctors watch for unusual increases in PSA. That suggests a rapid growth of the prostate, which could be caused by prostate cancer. Not every prostate cancer produces large amounts of PSA, though. That’s why urologists watch for changes rather than using a threshold number.
Men with a family history of prostate cancer are at higher risk for developing it themselves. Ideally, they would start screening at a younger age and possibly have it done more frequently. In men who have a limited life expectancy, doctors may not recommend prostate screening. PSA alone is just the first step. If PSA is elevated or if it is rising, men will need further workup.
What Is Next to Overcome Prostate Cancer?
Often the next step is imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate can be very informative. If there is a suspicious area on the MRI, the doctor will schedule a biopsy. Current practice is to use the MRI and ultrasound to guide the biopsy, so that the tissue examined is from the area thought to harbor the tumor.
Grading the Tumor:
The tissue removed during the biopsy will be examined by a pathologist. That expert will use the characteristics of the cells in the tissue to assign it a Gleason score. These range from 6 (not very worrisome) to 10 (the most aggressive). Former President Biden’s cancer had a Gleason score of 9, which is serious.
Doctors also want to know if the tumor has spread beyond the prostate gland itself. To find out, they may conduct a PSMA PET scan. This picks up prostate-specific membrane antigen (hence PSMA) wherever it may be in the body. Stage IV, like former President Joe Biden’s cancer, has spread outside the prostate to other parts of the body. In his case, the cancer has metastasized to his bones.
In some cases, prostate tissue will be sent for genetic testing. BRCA2 is associated with breast and ovarian cancers, but men who carry this gene are more vulnerable to prostate cancer as well.
Approaches to Preventing Prostate Cancer:
The risk of prostate cancer appears to be roughly half hereditary and half environmental. That means there are things that men can do to reduce their risk. Avoiding environmental toxins is crucial. Plastics and plasticizers don’t belong in our food or our bodies.
Diet matters, of course. Not everyone loves broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage and cauliflower, but getting plenty of these cruciferous vegetables can help reduce the risk of prostate cancer.
Another important step is to focus on exercise. Not only can regular vigorous physical activity reduce the chance of developing prostate cancer, it also is very useful in counteracting the side effects of the powerful drugs used to overcome prostate cancer.
Options for Treating Prostate Cancer:
Blocking Testosterone:
Often the doctor prescribes leuprolide (Lupron) to shut down testosterone production. That part of the protocol is referred to as “androgen deprivation therapy” or ADT for short.
An even more powerful androgen blocker such as abiraterone (Zytiga), apalutamide (Erleada), darolutamide (Nubeqa) and enzalutamide (Xtandi) may be added. These drugs can help men overcome prostate cancer, which seems to thrive on testosterone. Blocking the androgen receptors with one of these medicines has made treatment for prostate cancer more effective.
Androgen blockers stop testosterone formation even further and thus discourage the growth of the cancer. That’s the benefit. The downside is that men suffer the effects of “low T.” Here is where exercise stars, helping men feel better even when their testosterone levels are nonexistent.
Other Treatments for Prostate Cancer:
There are nonhormonal approaches to treating prostate cancer that may be used in conjunction with androgen blocking or in some cases independently. One is surgery, in which the prostate is removed. That used to be the standard treatment. With new approaches available, it is one option among many. Another is radiation. Dr. Armstrong describes some of the different types of radiation, which can be very effective when used together with androgen blocking medication. There are also immune therapies. One exciting new therapy, called Pluvicto uses radioligands that seek out and attach to PSMA. Because it can find prostate cancer cells wherever they are in the body, it is being considered for treating metastatic prostate cancer when ADT may no longer be working well.
What to Know to Overcome Prostate Cancer:
Dr. Armstrong wants men to know that prostate cancer can be detected early; when it is, it is often curable. Even in the case of advanced disease, there is hope. He urges men to ask for second opinions on treatment and take advantage of a multidisciplinary team when possible.
Above all, he says:
“The good news is that treatment can extend life often dramatically, and that many men, most men in fact with prostate cancer, don’t die of prostate cancer. They die of other stuff.”
This Week’s Guest:
Andrew J Armstrong, MD, ScM, FACP, is Professor of Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacology and Cancer Biology at Duke University. He is Director of Research at the Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers. His appointments are in the Division of Medical Oncology in the Departments of Medicine and Urology at Duke University. Dr. Armstrong is one of the country’s leading prostate cancer researchers.
Andrew Armstrong, MD, Professor of Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacology and Cancer Biology at Duke University.
Listen to the Podcast:
The podcast of this program will be available Monday, August 4, 2025, after broadcast on August 2. In this week’s podcast, Dr. Armstrong describes how to find trustworthy information online. We discuss diet, exercise and natural approaches that can be helpful in preventing and recovering from prostate cancer treatment. When will medical centers recognize the value of personalized, structured exercise for cancer rehab, as they already do for cardiac rehab? You can stream the show from this site and download the podcast for free, or you can find it on your favorite platform.
